15卑南族傳統建築 Traditional Pinuyumayan Architecture

景點介紹

卑南族主要分佈在臺東平原、平原西側淺山山麓與花東縱谷南端的沖積平原，毗鄰阿美族、布農族、排灣族。卑南族傳統住屋分為公用及私，前者包括會所、宗家祖靈屋、瞭望台等；後者則為一般家屋、穀倉、女靈媒屋。

為保護部落安全，卑南族發展出「會所制度」，會所建築也為一大特色。卑南族男子十二歲時進入少年會所 (takuvan)，接受生活禮儀、神話傳說、族群歷史、手工藝及狩獵戰技的訓練，該訓練分為六個階段，由學長遂層管理下一級的孩于。

少年會所「畢業」後，即進入青年會所 (palakuan)，接受為期三年的「苦刑期」訓練，不管任何季節都是赤裸上身，只圍一條短裙，必須擔負各項粗重的工作，三年苦訓後才能戴花冠、結交異性朋友，成為真正的卑南青年，然卑南八社的青年會所制度已經消失。

The Pinuyumayan people are mainly distributed in the Taitung Plain, the shallow mountain foothills on the west side of the plain and the alluvial plain at the southern end of the Huadong Rift Valley. They live nearby the Amis, Bunun and Paiwan peoples. The traditional houses are divided into private and public buildings, such as the assembly hall, the tribal ancestral shrine, the observation deck, and so on. Private buildings include family homes, barns, and witch’s huts.

In order to protect the village’s safety, Pinuyumayan people developed the "assembly hall system". Pinuyumayan boys enter the Takuvan (Juvenile Assembly Hall) at the age of 12 to receive education in etiquette, tribal myths and legends, history, handicrafts and hunting skills. After graduating from the Takuvan, young men enter the palakuan (Adult Assemply Hall) to receive a three-year torturous training. Men can only wear a short skirt regardless of the weather and undertake various heavy tasks. After three years of hard training they are allowed to wear a flower wreath, make friends of the opposite sex, and become a real Pinuyumayan man. Hence, the assembly hall is also a major feature of this tribe.

少年會所 takuvan
少年會所高約兩層樓高，以樓梯進出，起居室有傘狀茅草屋頂，外圍有圓形走廊連接出入，各起居室中央為火爐。

Takuvan /Juvenile Assembly Hall of Pinuyumayan
The takuvan is a two-story building with an umbrella-shaped thatched roof. There is a fireplace in the center of the hall.

祖靈屋
祖靈屋是氏族祭祀場所，卑南語稱為「嘎魯瑪按」（karuma’an），祖先祭祀與生命禮俗很多都在祖靈屋內進行。傳統祖靈屋以竹為壁、以茅草為頂，內有祭臺、爐灶等宗教設施。

Ancestral Shrine
Every Pinuyumayan family clan owns an ancestral shrine. It is called karuma’an and is where ancestral rituals are held. Traditional ancestral shrines have bamboo walls and a thatch roof. Inside the shrine there are religious facilities such as the altar and the fireplace.

女靈媒祖靈屋
卑南族的巫師法力頗負盛名，主要為人治病、驅邪與祈福。女巫師的祖靈屋，多半坐西朝東，以屋內東北方位最神聖，並設有神位。

Witch’s Hut
The magic of Pinuyumayan witches is quite famous. They usually use magic for curing illness, exorcism, and benediction. A witch’s hut usually sits in the west and faces the east. Deity shrines are placed in the northeastern corner, the most sacred place in the shrine.

青年會所 palakuan
青年會所為長方形建築，是以茅草蓋頂、竹片為牆的橢圓形建築物，內部為竹床，室內中央同樣有取火用的爐灶，是會所最重要的位置。

Palakuan /Adult Assembly Hall of Pinuyumayan
The palakuan sits on a rectangular foundation. It is an oval-shaped building with a thatch roof and bamboo walls. Inside the hall there are bamboo beds and a fireplace in the center, which is the most important part of the hall.